While 5 billion people live in countries that are developing, one billion people live in a small group of countries – concentrated in Africa and Central Asia but with a scattering elsewhere – that are stuck at the bottom. A new mix of policy instruments is required, supported by a bold new plan of action for the G8. Aid has been ineffective, and globalisation has made things worse. These traps are not inescapable, but standard solutions will not work. These countries, and the billion people who live in them, are caught in one or another of four traps: the conflict trap the natural resources trap the trap of being landlocked with bad neighbours and the trap of bad governance in a small country. This book argues the real challenge of development is the small group of countries that are falling behind and often falling apart.
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